Are You Too Old for Law School?

A diverse group of law students of various ages, including a gray-haired woman in her 60s and a man in his 40s, actively participating in a classroom discussion led by a younger professor. The image emphasizes inclusivity and lifelong learning in law school.
NO! You’re not too old.

So let’s get the main question out of the way: are you too old for law school? No. No, you’re not. When I was in law school, I had two classmates in their mid-40s. When I was getting my Ph.D., I had a classmate who began his 6-year doctoral program at 49. I have helped a client in her sixties earn admission to college. So no, you’re not too old. If this is something you want to do, are passionate about, and feel like you have the energy to take on… do it! Gurufi has had a ton of success getting “nontraditional” candidates into top law schools, so if you’re worried about this, work with us!

 

For reference, the average age of first-year law students in the United States is around 25, according to the Law School Admission Council (LSAC). However, that number has slowly been ticking up because schools are valuing experience more, and this age range is quite broad, with individuals ranging from their early twenties to their fifties and beyond. In fact, according to a report by the American Bar Association (ABA), the number of law students over the age of 50 has steadily increased in recent years.

 

One common concern for older individuals considering law school is the time commitment and cost of pursuing a legal education. Law school is a significant investment of time and money, and it is important to carefully consider these factors before making a decision. This includes thinking about the loan process and what it would mean to potentially have student loans for the rest of your life. However, it is worth noting that many law schools offer part-time or evening programs that may be more accommodating to students who are balancing other responsibilities, such as work or family. Additionally, there are many scholarships and financial aid options available to help students finance their legal education.

 

Another concern for older students is the competitiveness of law school admissions. However, it is important to remember that law schools look at a range of factors beyond just undergraduate GPA and LSAT scores. Life experience, work experience, and other accomplishments can all be valuable factors in the admissions process. In fact, many law schools actively seek out and value nontraditional students who bring unique perspectives and experiences to the classroom. In fact, for older students, I would urge you to lean into your age, emphasize the unique journey that brought you to this point, and emphasize the range of experiences, accomplishments, and circumstances that will inform your participation in the school and your contributions to the profession.

 

One advantage that older students may have over their younger counterparts is their life experience and maturity. These qualities can be particularly valuable in the legal profession, where the ability to handle complex and emotionally charged situations with empathy and professionalism is essential. Additionally, older students may have a clearer sense of their career goals and a greater sense of motivation and dedication to their studies.

 

It is also worth noting that there are many different career paths within the legal profession, and some may be more accommodating to older students than others. For example, some law firms may value the life experience and perspective that older attorneys bring to their practice. In addition, some areas of law, such as elder law or estate planning, may be particularly well-suited to older students. Importantly, if you do hope to work at a firm after law school, think through whether you’d be willing and able to work the kinds of long, grueling hours that new hires are often subject to. If you have complex family commitments, it may not be for you.

 

One challenge that older students may face when entering law school is adapting to the demands of a rigorous academic program. However, many law schools offer resources and support services to help students succeed, including academic advising, tutoring, and writing centers. Additionally, older students may be better equipped to manage their time and balance their other responsibilities than their younger counterparts.

 

Finally, it is important to remember that age is not static. I know many 60-year-olds who have more pep, energy, focus, and drive than even the hungriest 25-year-old. As they say, age is just a number, and success in law school and beyond is largely dependent on one’s dedication, commitment, and passion for the law. There are many examples of successful attorneys who entered law school at an older age, including Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who began law school at the age of 21 but did not begin her legal career until she was in her late 30s.

 

In short, the core questions you ask when deciding whether to attend law school are the same that any applicant would: why law? Do I really want to do this? Can I pay for it? Is my life set up for the kind of commitment this entails? Do I have a plan for after? In itself, age should not be a barrier to pursuing a career in law. While there may be certain challenges and considerations that are unique to older students, there are many resources and support systems available to help them succeed. With dedication, hard work, and a passion for the law, older students can successfully navigate law school and go on to have fulfilling and rewarding careers as attorneys.

 

  1. “Age Distribution of Law Students.” Law School Admission Council, https://www.lsac.org/data-research/data/current-volume-highlights/age-distribution-law-students.
  2. “Am I Too Old for Law School?” Law School Admission Council, 2022, https://www.lsac.org/choosing-law-school/law-school-age.
  3. “Is There a ‘Best’ Age for Law School?” ABA for Law Students, 2021, https://abaforlawstudents.com/2018/03/29/is-there-a-best-age-for-law-school/.
  4. “When Is It Too Late to Go to Law School?” U.S. News & World Report, 2022, https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/articles/when-is-it-too-late-to-go-to-law-school.
  5. “Too Old for Law School? Think Again.” Kaplan Test Prep, 2022, https://www.kaptest.com/study/lsat/too-old-for-law-school-think-again.
  6. “Is It Too Late to Become a Lawyer?” The Balance Careers, 2022, https://www.thebalancecareers.com/is-it-too-late-to-become-a-lawyer-2164493.
  7. “Am I Too Old for Law School?” The Princeton Review, 2022, https://www.princetonreview.com/law-school-advice/am-i-too-old-for-law-school.
  8. “When Is It Too Late to Go to Law School?” Medscape, 2021, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/935787.
  9. “Is There an Ideal Age for Law School?” Top Law Schools, 2022, https://www.top-law-schools.com/ideal-age-for-law-school.html.
  10. “Am I Too Old for Law School?” ThoughtCo, 2022, https://www.thoughtco.com/am-i-too-old-for-law-school-4777378.
  11. “The Pros and Cons of Going to Law School Later in Life.” Noodle, 2019, https://www.noodle.com/articles/pros-cons-going-law-school-later-life.
  12. “Starting Law School Later in Life.” American Bar Association, 2019, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/publications/aba-prelaw-newsletter/2018-19/vol-18-no-2/starting-law-school-later-in-life/.
  13. “Too Old for Law School?” Law School Toolbox, 2021, https://lawschooltoolbox.com/too-old-for-law-school/.
  14. “Is It Ever Too Late to Go to Law School?” Prospective Law Students, 2022, https://www.prospectivelawstudents.com/is-it-ever-too-late-to-go-to-law-school.
  15. “How to Navigate Law School as an Older Student.” American Bar Association, 2018, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/law_students/resources/aba-prelaw-newsletter/2017-2018/vol-17-no-3/how-to-navigate-law-school-as-an-older-student/.
  16. “Never Too Late: 6 Stories of Older Students Who Went to Law School.” National Jurist, 2018, https://www.nationaljurist.com/national-jurist-magazine/never-too-late-6-stories-older-students-who-went-law-school.
  17. “Going to Law School Later in Life.” Attorney at Work, 2020, https://www.attorneyatwork.com/going-to-law-school-later-in-life/.
  18. “Is It Too Late to Become a Lawyer?” All Law, 2022, https://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/career/professional/is-it-too-late-become-lawyer.html.

How to Get Advice for Your Personal Statement

A cartoon illustrating a 'Frankenstein Essay' scenario. A student holding a disjointed essay with visible seams and patches, resembling Frankenstein's monster. Surrounding the student are a roommate, a professor, a premed advisor, a friend, and a parent, all giving conflicting advice. The student looks confused and overwhelmed. The background includes a messy desk with books, notes, and a laptop.
Beware the dreaded “Frankenstein Essay”!

         Since founding Gurufi in 2008, I have helped clients fix, tighten, and rework probably 15,000 personal statements. Because I’ve had so many reps, I can instantly spot what I’ve come to call “the Frankenstein Essay.”

         These essays are distinctive for their abrupt change of voice, inexplicable jumps between narratives, and the overall sense that I’m not reading a single coherent essay, but rather a weird amalgam pieced together from the parts of five or six different sources. Whenever I get one of these, I’ll ask a client, “so, how many people did you show the first draft of your personal statement to?” Without fail, they’ll tell me that they showed everybody they could think of who might help: their roommate, a professor, the school’s premed / pre-law advisor, etc.

         This is a huge mistake.

         Look, it’s understandable that once you’ve finished your personal statement, you may feel a little apprehensive about what you have written, and as such it is only reasonable to seek out second and third opinions in order to make sure that you have overlooked nothing, the prose is tight, and you have made a compelling case for your candidacy.  But, just as an excellent revision and editing can make an average essay excellent, bad editing can wreck an essay. On such occasions, one is smart to heed the old aphorism that ‘too many cooks spoil the broth.’

         Once you have completed your first draft, you need to think carefully about how you go about using advice from other people.  Here are six pointers for how to get the best advice in order to turn your draft into an excellent final version you are proud of and happy with.

1.)  Be careful about who you pick.

Obviously, you want to get advice from someone who writes well, can be frank with you, and has some understanding of the field to which you are applying. If you choose to get advice from a boyfriend or your mother, for example, then be careful because they might give you an overly glowing review because of their esteem and love for you or may lack the qualifications to point out minor problems with your approach. Similarly, asking your English major friend to look at your Engineering graduate school essay is not a bad idea, but if you go that route, having someone involved in engineering (preferably in an academic capacity) also look at your essay is a good idea.

Good people to talk to are your academic advisor (if you are applying to graduate or professional schools) or guidance counselor (if you are applying to college).  I know that many people will take their essays to message boards and post them to see what people think of it. This is the one thing I would advise you NEVER to do. The problem here is that you have no real way to gauge someone’s level of expertise and you may get too much feedback from too many sources.

Which leads us to point #2…

  1. Don’t give it to too many people.

If you get critiques on your essay from 8-9 different people and you incorporate all of their suggestions, you will be pulled in too many directions and the essay will lose its sense of voice and focus. The old joke that a camel is a horse designed by committee applies here. Your essay cannot be everything to everyone, and you must accept this fact. There will always be something that someone would have done differently, so they will often naturally advise you that you should do something different than what you are doing.

  1. Ask follow-up questions

Whenever someone suggests a change, don’t be afraid to ask them about it. Sometimes you will agree with their rationale but disagree with the execution of the change. Also, through a conversation people will often help you see larger problems that you may have missed. People are often hesitant to give tough advice, and a friendly conversation can help you avoid this problem because by talking to someone, the person will see that you are serious about valuing their advice.

The most frequent form of advice that people will give is, “you should include _____.” Now, this is often useful advice, but because most personal statements have tight word caps, you can’t just add everything that might kinda-sorta be relevant. Thus, in my experience, one of the best questions you can ask is, “if you think that I should add ____, what do you think I should take out to make room for this new text?”

The reason is that writing is about choices, and just because something is relevant in the abstract doesn’t mean that it should be included in your essay. If their suggestion for what you should remove to make room for their suggested new text is something that you don’t think you can lose, then that may indicate that you should ignore this bit of advice.

Which brings us to Point #4:

  1. Don’t be afraid to ignore advice.

At the end of the day, this is *your* personal statement, and *your* future depends on how well you execute it. When someone suggests changes, consider their level of expertise (both as a writer and as a subject-matter expert), think about it carefully and, if you disagree, then don’t do it. Not every piece of advice given is good; often, you will receive terrible advice.

The final decision is yours, so take your role as the gatekeeper of advice seriously, and only let the best suggestions that work well with your theme, tone, approach and goal through.

  1. BUT, try to avoid pride of authorship

In my capacity as an admissions essay consultant, I often encounter customers who are furious when I tell them that they have things that they need to work on. It is almost as if they paid me $500 for me to tell them that their work was perfect, and they should not change a single letter.

Because a personal statement is so, well, personal, it can sometimes sting when someone gives you pointed advice. Try to see the bigger picture and embrace the process that will help you to move towards a better and stronger essay. Do your best not to see a critique of your essay as a criticism of you as a person, and rather see it as a positive moment that moves you one step closer to your goal.

  1. Consider using an essay editing service

They can be a bit expensive, but in the end, if you’re willing to tens -or even hundreds- of thousands of dollars on college or graduate school, spending a small fraction of that to get you into your desired school only makes sense. Getting into a top school, as opposed to an average one, is worth investing in.

Some things to consider:

-Make sure that they guarantee your satisfaction.

-Ask if they will work with you beyond just receiving a single revision back from you.  Often, it will take 2-3 exchanges with your editor to completely understand what you want to say, how you want to say it, and what core message you want to convey.

In the end, selecting the right editor / consultant is a personal choice about vibe and fit. We at Gurufi.com understand that admissions can be a stressful and opaque process, and our editors are fantastic at working with you to produce a powerful essay that reflects your personality and aspirations.

For more help with your personal statement, check us out at Gurufi.com. Our personal statement editors and consultants have decades of experience helping clients get into top Masters and Ph.D. programs in STEM, humanities, fine arts, and social sciences. Our specialty is helping you craft compelling personal statements that move the needle in your admissions process! For questions, shoot us an email at service@gurufi.com. Check us out on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.

10 Questions About Graduate School Personal Statements

A cartoon of a graduate student sitting at a desk, surrounded by books and papers, looking thoughtfully at a laptop screen labeled 'Personal Statement', with floating question marks and lightbulbs signifying ideas in a cozy study room.
Use these tips to nail your grad school personal statement!

Deciding to attend graduate school is a huge decision, and from the moment you begin this journey, it’ll be clear that your personal statement is the centerpiece of your application. More than any other single aspect, it signals your interests, describes your past, and advocates for your place and fit within the program you’re applying to. A compelling graduate school personal statement explains your intellectual journey, provides insights in your research interests, and offers a glimpse of what you aspire to do and become after completing graduate school. In this post, we address ten common questions about graduate school personal statements, offering guidance on how to craft a standout essay that effectively showcases your strengths and aspirations.

1. What is the purpose of a graduate school personal statement?

The purpose of a graduate school personal statement is to provide the admissions committee with a detailed understanding of your background, motivations, and goals. It allows you to explain why you are interested in the program, how your experiences have prepared you for graduate study, and what you hope to achieve. It is more than just a narrative version of your CV; it is the story that explains your personal and intellectual journey. This essay helps the committee assess your fit for the program and your potential for success in the field.

(note: many schools have both a personal statement and a statement of academic interest. This Essay is mostly for people applying to schools that have just the personal statement. If you want more information on tips for schools that ask for both, check this out)

2. How should I structure my graduate school personal statement?

There are many ways to do this, and so long as you cover the basics, it’s not necessarily required that you follow on particular structure. Here is one that you can use, at least as a starting point:

  1. **Introduction:** Start with a compelling story that captures the reader’s attention and introduces the main theme of your essay. Avoid being too gimmicky or dramatic. People talk about “hooks” but to be honest, that’s high school writing. Mature writers know how to ease back and let your story do the work without all the silly fireworks and cheesy intros.
    2. **Body:** Divide the body into several paragraphs, each focusing on a specific aspect of your background, experiences, and goals. Use this section to provide detailed examples and reflections.
    3. **Conclusion:** Summarize the key points of your essay and reiterate how the program will help you achieve your career aspirations. End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression.

Since most people apply to multiple schools, a good rule of thumb is to have the first 2/3 of your essay be usable for every school, and the last third be specific to a particular program. That way you can customize. Here is more details on how to repurpose a single essay for multiple schools!

3. What should I include in the introduction of my personal statement?

The introduction of your personal statement should provide a clear and concise overview of your motivations and goals. Start with a compelling compelling personal anecdote or a significant experience, that captures the reader’s attention. Briefly introduce the main theme of your essay and provide a roadmap for what to expect in the rest of the document. The introduction should set the stage for your narrative and engage the reader from the outset. You will eventually transition (usually in the middle third of the text) into a detailed and granular engagement with the subject matter, your thoughts on it, and the questions you hope to explore… but I’ve found that the best essays first establish that you’re passionate about the subject and excited to explore it. It should feel meaningful to you.

4. How can I highlight my research interests in my personal statement?

To highlight your research interests, discuss specific projects or topics you have worked on and how they have influenced your academic and career goals. Explain why these areas of research are important to you and how they align with the program you are applying to. Mention any relevant coursework, research experiences, or academic achievements that demonstrate your commitment and expertise in your field of interest.

5. What are common mistakes to avoid in a graduate school personal statement?

Common mistakes to avoid in a graduate school personal statement include:
1. **Being Vague:** Provide specific examples and detailed descriptions rather than broad generalizations. Remember, your readers are usually professors who work in this space, so feel free to “nerd out” on hyper-specific questions and convey how excited you are to dig into these subjects.
2. **Lack of Focus:** Ensure your essay has a clear and coherent narrative. Avoid jumping between unrelated topics.
3. **Neglecting to Proofread:** Spelling and grammatical errors can detract from your professionalism. Proofread your essay multiple times and consider having others review it.
4. **Overemphasis on Achievements:** While it’s important to highlight your achievements, balance this with reflections on your growth and areas for improvement. In the end, you’re telling the reader why you want to search for more answers in this space, so begin from the perspective that you DO NOT have all the answers, but are eager to look for them.
5. **Ignoring the Prompt:** Ensure your essay addresses the specific question or prompt provided by the application. Most personal statements are open-ended, but if they’re not, it’s because the school specifically wants to know something. Tell them.

6. How can I make my graduate school personal statement stand out?

To make your graduate school personal statement stand out, focus on authenticity, clarity, and compelling storytelling. Here are some tips:
1. **Be Yourself:** Let your unique voice and personality shine through your writing.
2. **Tell a Story:** Use a narrative structure to make your essay more engaging. Share specific anecdotes that highlight your key qualities and experiences.
3. **Show, Don’t Just Tell:** Use concrete examples to illustrate your points rather than making broad statements.
4. **Connect the Dots:** Clearly link your past experiences, present motivations, and future goals.
5. **Tailor to Each School:** Customize your personal statement for each program, highlighting why you are a great fit for their specific offerings.

7. What role do extracurricular activities play in a personal statement?

For a graduate school application, I’d mention only those activities relevant to the field you’re applying to. Unlike college applications (and to a lesser extent law, MBA, or medical), the admissions committee isn’t looking for all-around well-rounded people with diverse interests… their primary question is “are you super-interested in a relatively narrow set of questions within this field?”)

8. How do I address a lack of experience in my personal statement?

Addressing a lack of experience in your personal statement involves focusing on your potential and willingness to learn. Highlight transferable skills from other areas of your life, such as academic projects, internships, or volunteer work. Discuss any relevant coursework or independent study you have undertaken to prepare for graduate school. Emphasize your passion for the field and your commitment to gaining the necessary experience and skills.

That said… sometimes you have to recognize if you just haven’t done enough or aren’t sufficiently experienced in an area. This might mean taking on additional coursework, working in a lab or on another project, or otherwise delaying your application for a year or two so that you can acquire the relevant experience.

9. What should I include in the conclusion of my personal statement?

The conclusion of your personal statement should reinforce the key themes of your essay and leave a lasting impression. Briefly recap the main points, emphasizing how your experiences have prepared you for graduate study and how the program will help you achieve your goals. End with a strong closing statement that conveys your enthusiasm for the program and your readiness to contribute to the academic community.

Look to the future, be positive, and return to the ideas, words, stories, and themes that you had in your introduction so that you bring the essay full circle.

10. How can I convey my passion for the field in my graduate school personal statement?

To convey your passion for the field, share personal anecdotes and experiences that illustrate your dedication and enthusiasm. Discuss moments that sparked your interest in the field and how they have influenced your academic and career goals. Reflect on what excites you about the subject and how you plan to contribute to the field in the future. Be genuine and heartfelt in your writing, allowing your passion to come through naturally.

Crafting a compelling graduate school personal statement requires careful thought, reflection, and planning. By addressing these common questions and incorporating the advice provided, you can create a personal statement that authentically represents your background, highlights your strengths, and demonstrates your readiness for graduate study. Remember to be genuine, specific, and reflective in your writing, and you will create a compelling narrative that resonates with admissions committees.

For more help with your personal statement, check us out at Gurufi.com. Our personal statement editors and consultants have decades of experience helping clients get into top Masters and Ph.D. programs in STEM, humanities, fine arts, and social sciences. Our specialty is helping you craft compelling personal statements that move the needle in your admissions process! For questions, shoot us an email at service@gurufi.com. Check us out on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.

Do *NOT* Write Your Medical School Personal Statement About This…

The death of a grandparent is the most overused cliche on personal statements

“As I looked into my grandma’s eyes, a single tear rolled down my cheek. I wished that I could save her life, but I felt so powerless. In that moment, I knew that I had to become a doctor so that I could save the lives of people like Grammy. I was only six years old, but that moment changed my life!”

Does your personal statement begin like this? In my 17 years of helping aspiring physicians earn admission into their dream medical school, I have seen some version of this essay hundreds of times. The dying grandma (or aunt, uncle, or grandpa…), the bedside revelation, the moment of irrevocable inspiration.

I don’t doubt that such moments occur nor that they are deeply meaningful, but I do worry that after reading the 25th such story in a week, the Admissions Committee will find it hard to differentiate your application from the scores of other people whose essays feature a med school origin story that requires the sacrifice poor ol’Granny.

Of course, I’m being a bit facetious (okay, a LOT facetious), but depending on the year, I would guess that between 15% and 30% of medical school essays lean heavily on this trope. The personal statement is just too valuable to waste on a story that the AdCom has read hundreds of times before. Applicants have one opportunity to frame their experiences, accomplishments, and goals, and selecting a cliché subject for your personal statements instantly puts you in the JAG (“just another guy” / “just another gal”) pile. Although the applicant may consider these subjects to be significant, they are overused and do not help the candidate stand out.

Cliches are shallow and don’t give a complete picture of the applicant’s motives and objectives. An applicant’s experiences should be discussed in their personal statement, along with how those experiences affected their decision to pursue a career in medicine. It’s this second part that too often gets overlooked. Obviously, experiences and stories are central to your personal statement and application, BUT you need to build out these stories by linking them to bigger themes, making clear how and why they motivated you (as manifested in actions and decisions), and then projecting that motivation into a vision of the future you aspire to build. The superficial facts of an encounter are frequently highlighted in cliches, leaving out the applicant’s internal dialogue or feelings. The admissions committee could find it difficult to comprehend the applicant’s motivations for applying to medical school without this extra information.

Cliches can sometimes be deceptive and fail to accurately represent an applicant’s experiences. For instance, a candidate who writes about their time spent volunteering at a hospital can say that it confirmed their decision to pursue a career in medicine. The reader can’t know how profound an experience was, though, until the author describes it in detail and reflects on their feelings and ideas when they were having it. Cliches can thereby produce a fictitious narrative that is unrepresentative of the applicant’s experiences and motives. This is why I often urge applicants whose personal statements look flat or cliché to do a journaling or brainstorming exercise where they explore their feelings on the topic, how they worked through an experience or challenge, how it transformed them, and why it informs the kind of doctor they will become.

A useful tip for moving beyond cliché is to provide specifics and engage in deeper storytelling. For instance, many applicants will discuss their time doing volunteer work at a hospital. Does this mean you should avoid that experience altogether in your personal statement? NO! Instead, highlight specific instances and give depth, detail, and personality to that story. Describing your duties in a broad way won’t have nearly the impact that telling a single story of a meaningful interaction with a patient or a hard conversation with a doctor. Tell me about how you assisted a patient with navigating the healthcare system AND HOW THAT INFORMED YOUR VISION OF MEDICINE, or tell me why a particular medical procedure was exciting for you to witness.

You might also talk about how their experiences outside of medicine, such working in another industry or engaging in creative hobbies, have inspired their choice to become a doctor. These subjects offer a more thorough and distinctive perspective of the candidate, highlighting their personality and capacity for critical thought.

Candidates should also think back on their experiences, take into account the lessons they acquired from them, and assess how those experiences have affected their aspirations. Instead of just recounting an incident, candidates should discuss how it affected them academically and emotionally and motivated them to seek a career in medicine. A candidate who had a personal health crisis, for instance, may talk about how that event motivated them to support others or engage in relevant research.

When talking with a colleague a few years back, we joked that May, when applicants begin working on their personal statements, was the “grandma culling season.” Beyond this dark joke, there is a deeper bit of actionable advice for you: cliches lack depth and complexity, can be deceptive, and fail to exhibit an applicant’s originality and critical thinking abilities. Candidates can write a personal statement that highlights their abilities and potential as healthcare professionals by emphasizing their unique experiences and thinking back on the lessons gained and how they have affected their aspirations.

A personal statement gives you 5300 characters to make your case, and it’s often the biggest differentiator between acceptance and denial. Therefore, it’s imperative for candidates to approach this crucial part of the application process with imagination and consideration.

For more help with your personal statement, check us out at Gurufi.com. Our personal statement editors and consultants have decades of experience helping clients get into top medical schools. Our specialty is helping you craft compelling personal statements that move the needle in your admissions process! For questions, shoot us an email atservice@gurufi.com. Check us out on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.